Valoración del strain auricular izquierdo en competidores de ultramaratón ¿Se extiende la fatiga cardíaca a todas las estructuras miocárdicas? / Evaluation of the left atrium strain in ultramarathon competitors. Does cardiac fatigue extend to all myocardial structures?

Resumen Introducción: La aurícula izquierda cumple varias funciones durante el ciclo cardíaco (reservorio, conducción y contracción), que podrían verse afectadas por la remodelación fisiológica al igual que por el estrés inducido por el ejercicio intenso (carreras de ultra-trail de montaña). Objetivo: Valorar si las adaptaciones fisiológicas de la aurícula izquierda al deporte (aumento del volumen auricular), así como el estrés inducido por las competiciones de ultramaratón, influyen en la función auricular izquierda estimada por strain auricular realizado mediante speckle tracking. Método: Fueron evaluados 28 participantes antes y después del ejercicio (en el transcurso de 1 hora posterior al esfuerzo de carreras de ultra-trail) utilizando ecocardiografía Doppler y nuevas técnicas ecocardiográficas (posprocesamiento). Se excluyeron cinco deportistas: dos por regular ventana ecocardiográfica que no permitía visualizar correctamente el borde endomiocárdico y tres por no finalizar la carrera. Se realizaron estadística descriptiva convencional, análisis comparativo para datos pareados mediante test t de Student y correlación de Pearson para valorar factores que influyeran en las alteraciones detectadas. Resultados La mediana de edad de los competidores fue de 38 ± 9 años, con predominancia del sexo masculino (n = 17, 65%). En el ecocardiograma basal se encontró una media de volumen auricular izquierdo de 33 ± 7 ml/m2 (min. 21 ml/m2, max. 47 ml/m2), con strain auricular izquierdo basal promedio del 31%. En la evaluación tras el esfuerzo se observó una disminución no significativa del volumen auricular izquierdo, que mantuvo el strain auricular e incluso aumentó su deformación, como en el caso de las mujeres evaluadas. Conclusiones: A diferencia de lo observado en otros parámetros de función ventricular tras un esfuerzo, el strain auricular no se ve afectado por la fatiga cardíaca.

Abstract Introduction: The left atrium fulfills several functions during the cardiac cycle (reservoir, conduction and contraction) that could be affected by physiological remodeling as well as by stress induced by intense exercise (ultra-mountain trail races). Objective: To assess whether the physiological adaptations of the left atrium to sport (increase in atrial volume) as well as the stress induced by ultramarathon competitions influence left atrial function estimated by atrial strain performed by speckle tracking. Method: 28 participants were evaluated pre and post exercise, using Doppler echocardiography and new echocardiographic techniques. Conventional descriptive statistics, comparative analysis were performed for paired data using the t test and Pearson correlation to assess factors that influence the detected alterations. Results: The median age of the competitors was 38 ± 9 years with a predominance of males (n = 17, 65%). In the basal echocardiogram, we found an average left atrial volume of 33 ± 7 ml/m2 (min. 21 ml/m2, max. 47 ml/m2), with an average baseline left atrial strain of 31%. In the post-effort evaluation, a non-significant decrease in left atrial volume was observed, maintaining atrial strain and even increasing its deformation, as in the case of the women evaluated. Conclusions: Unlike what was observed in other parameters of ventricular function after effort, atrial strain is not affected by cardiac fatigue.

Deformação miocárdica (strain) e fibrose miocárdica na forma cardíaca leve da Doença de Chagas / Myocardial deformation (strain) and myocardial fibrosis in mild cardiac Chagas Disease

Fundamento: A identificação precoce do dano miocárdico parece ser importante na abordagem do paciente com doença de Chagas. A ecocardiografia com strain obtida por speckle tracking e a avaliação da fibrose miocárdica por meio da ressonância magnética cardíaca podem ser métodos diagnósticos promissores nesse sentido. Objetivo: Avaliar o acometimento miocárdico especificamente na forma crônica cardíaca leve da doença de Chagas por meio do strain por speckle tracking e da fibrose miocárdica pela ressonância magnética cardíaca, além de suas correlações. Método: Estudo de corte transversal que analisou portadores da forma cardíaca crônica leve da doença de Chagas (fração de ejeção preservada) submetidos à ecocardiografia com strain por speckle tracking e à ressonância magnética cardíaca. Resultados: Foram incluídos 21 participantes (mulheres: 62%; idade: 54 ± 5 anos). A prevalência de fibrose miocárdica por meio do realce tardio miocárdico foi de 50%. O strain longitudinal global encontrava-se diminuído em 17 pacientes (81%), com mediana de 14,1% (intervalo interquartil de 12,1 a 16,3). Os valores do mapa T1 encontravam-se, em média, elevados nos portadores de doença de Chagas (993 ± 163 ms). O mapa T1 foi significativamente correlacionado com o strain longitudinal global (r= 0,634; p = 0,015). Além disso, o índice de dispersão mecânica, obtido por strain, estava aumentado (> 55 ms) em 84%, com a maior área sob a curva Característica de Operação do Receptor (área sob a curva de 0,696; intervalo de confiança de 95% de 0,412-0,981) para discriminação de fibrose pelo realce tardio miocárdico. Conclusão: O strain miocárdico e o mapa T1 se comportam como marcadores precoces do dano miocárdico na cardiopatia chagásica crônica leve. O índice de dispersão mecânica estava elevado e foi o parâmetro que melhor se correlacionou com o realce tardio miocárdico. (AU)

Background: The early identification of myocardial damage seems important in the management of patients with Chagas disease. However, it is unknown whether speckle tracking echocardiography strain and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging are promising methods for assessing myocardial involvement and fibrosis, respectively. Objective: To evaluate myocardial involvement in the mild chronic cardiac form of Chagas disease using speckle tracking strain and myocardial fibrosis by cardiac magnetic resonance and assess their correlations. Method: This cross-sectional study analyzed patients with the mild chronic cardiac form of Chagas disease (preserved ejection fraction) using speckle tracking echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance. Results: The study included 21 participants (women: 62%; age: 54 ± 5 years). The prevalence of myocardial fibrosis was 50% on delayed myocardial enhancement. The median global longitudinal strain was decreased (14.1%; interquartile range, 12.1­16.3%) in 17 patients (81%). The mean T1 mapping value was high in patients with Chagas disease (993 ± 163 ms). The T1 map was significantly correlated with the global longitudinal strain (r = 0.634; p = 0.015). In addition, the mechanical dispersion index obtained by strain was increased (>55 ms) by 84%, with the largest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (area under the curve, 0.696; 95% confidence interval, 0.412­0.981) for fibrosis discrimination by delayed myocardial enhancement. Conclusion: Myocardial strain and T1 mapping are early markers of myocardial damage in mild chronic Chagas heart disease. The mechanical dispersion index was high and the most closely correlated with delayed myocardial enhancement. (AU)

Fatiga cardíaca en corredores de ultra trail, observada por parámetros de nuevas técnicas ecocardiográficas / Cardiac Fatigue in Ultra-Marathon Runners Measured with Novel Techniques in Echocardiography

RESUMEN Introducción: El ejercicio físico intenso y prolongado puede producir adaptaciones fisiológicas y cambios agudos en el sistema cardiovascular, que han sido motivo de estudio en múltiples oportunidades. En este contexto, algunos autores sostienen que estas alteraciones agudas y transitorias serían adjudicables a la fatiga cardíaca. Objetivos: Examinar los cambios ecocardiográficos observados en los deportistas de ultratrail o ultramaratón (carreras de montaña con recorridos superiores a 42 km) en pre- y posesfuerzo mediante técnicas de deformación miocárdica por speckle tracking, teniendo en cuenta algunas características de la población (sexo, edad, carga de entrenamiento semanal). Material y métodos: Se reclutaron 28 participantes para ser evaluados antes y después del ejercicio (dentro de la primera hora posterior a aquel) utilizando ecocardiografía Doppler y nuevas técnicas ecocardiográficas (posprocesamiento). Se excluyeron 5 deportistas, 2 por presentar Regular ventana ecocardiográfica ecocardiográfica que no permitía visualizar correctamente el borde endomiocárdico y 3 por no haber finalizado la carrera. Se realizó una estadística descriptiva convencional y el análisis comparativo para datos apareados (pre- y posesfuerzo) mediante el test t de Student. Resultados: La mediana de edad de los deportistas fue de 38 ± 9 años, con predominancia de sexo masculino (n=17; 65%). En el ecocardiograma basal, encontramos función sistólica biventricular conservada, media de strain longitudinal global (SLG) de -19 ± 2% y media de strain de la pared libre del ventrículo derecho (SPLVd) de -25 ± 3%. En la evaluación posesfuerzo, se observaron alteraciones significativas al compararlas con los datos del ecocardiograma basal, como caída de la fracción de eyección, disminución del strain longitudinal global (SLG) y del SPLVd, y aumento del volumen del Vd. La torsión ventricular no se vio afectada. Conclusión: Después del ejercicio intenso se observa una disminución de los parámetros de deformación miocárdica medidos por speckle tracking, esto se interpreta como fatiga cardíaca inducida por el ejercicio.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Intense and prolonged physical exercise can produce physiological adaptations and acute changes in the cardiovascular system that have been the subject of study multiple times. In this context some authors speak that these acute and transient alterations would be attributable to cardiac fatigue. Objective: The objective of this work is to examine the echocardiographic changes observed in ultra trail athletes (mountain races over 42 kilometers) pre and post effort, according to population characteristics (sex, age, weekly training load), using techniques of myocardial deformation by speckle traking. Material and methods: Twenty-eight participants were evaluated pre and post exercise (within one hour after exertion) using Doppler echocardiography and new echocardiographic techniques (post processing). Conventional descriptive statistics and comparative analysis were performed for paired data using a T test. Results: The median age of the patients was 38 ± 9 years with male predominance (N17 / 65%). In the baseline echocardiogram, we found preserved bi-ventricular systolic function, mean global longitudinal strain (GLS) of -19% ± 2, mean right ventricular free wall strain (FWSVd) -25% ± 3. In the Post-stress evaluation significant alterations were observed when compared with the baseline echocardiogram data, such as drop in ejection fraction, decrease in GLS, FWSVd and increase in volume of you. Ventricular torsion was not affected. Conclusion: Post intense exercise is observed a decrease in myocardial deformation parameters measured by Speckle tracking, this is interpreted as cardiac fatigue induced by the exercise.

Hipertrofia cardíaca associada à hipertensão arterial com disfunção sistólica subclínica: relato de caso / Cardiac hypertrophy associated with arterial hypertension with subclinical systolic sysfunction: a case report

Relata-se um caso de uma paciente de 66 anos, com diagnóstico de hipertensão arterial sistêmica há seis anos, obesa e tabagista, que compareceu à consulta para avaliação cardiológica pré-operatória de cirurgia ginecológica. Ao exame clínico, apresentava-se com pressão arterial de 132 x 80mmHg, pulsos radiais e femorais simétricos, auscultas cardíaca e respiratória normais. O eletrocardiograma mostrou ritmo sinusal, sem alterações, enquanto o ecocardiograma transtorácico revelou hipertrofia concêntrica do ventrículo esquerdo, câmaras cardíacas com dimensões normais e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo preservada. A avaliação do strain longitudinal global demonstrou diminuição da deformação miocárdica sistólica. Neste relato, ilustramos um caso clínico de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda associada à hipertensão arterial, com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo preservada e disfunção sistólica subclínica diagnosticada pelo strain miocárdico.

We report a case of a 66-year-old obese and smoker woman, with a 6-year diagnosis of systemic hypertension, who searched medical assistance for pre-operative cardiology evaluation. The clinical examination revealed blood pressure of 132x80mmHg, symmetrical radial and femoral pulses, and normal cardiac and lung auscultation. The electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm with no alterations, while an echocardiogram showed concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, normal cardiac chambers dimensions and normal left ventricular ejection fraction. Left ventricular global longitudinal strain evaluation revealed reductions in systolic myocardial deformation. In this case, we discuss the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy secondary to hypertension, with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction and subclinical systolic dysfunction detected with myocardial strain.